How to Log in to Almost Any Websites

In the first article about java web scraping I showed how to extract data from CraigList website. But what about the data you want or if the action you want to carry out on a website requires authentication ?

In this short tutorial I will show you how to make a generic method that can handle most authentication forms.

Authentication mechanism

There are many different authentication mechanisms, the most frequent being a login form , sometimes with a CSRF token as a hidden input.

To auto-magically log into a website with your scrapers, the idea is :

• GET /loginPage

• Select the first <input type="password"> tag

• Select the first <input> before it that is not hidden

• Set the value attribute for both inputs

• Select the enclosing form, and submit it.

Hacker News Authentication

Let's say you want to create a bot that logs into hacker news (to submit a link or perform an action that requires being authenticated) :

Here is the login form and the associated DOM :

Now we can implement the login algorithm

	public static WebClient autoLogin(String loginUrl, String login, String password) throws FailingHttpStatusCodeException, MalformedURLException, IOException{
		WebClient client = new WebClient();
		client.getOptions().setCssEnabled(false);
		client.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(false);
		
		HtmlPage page = client.getPage(loginUrl);
		
		HtmlInput inputPassword = page.getFirstByXPath("//input[@type='password']");
		//The first preceding input that is not hidden
		HtmlInput inputLogin = inputPassword.getFirstByXPath(".//preceding::input[not(@type='hidden')]");
		
		inputLogin.setValueAttribute(login);
		inputPassword.setValueAttribute(password);
		
		//get the enclosing form
		HtmlForm loginForm = inputPassword.getEnclosingForm() ;
		
		//submit the form
		page = client.getPage(loginForm.getWebRequest(null));
		
		//returns the cookie filled client :)
		return client;
	}

Then the main method, which :

• calls autoLogin with the right parameters

• Go to https://news.ycombinator.com

• Check the logout link presence to verify we're logged

• Prints the cookie to the console

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		
		String baseUrl = "https://news.ycombinator.com" ;
		String loginUrl = baseUrl + "/login?goto=news" ; 
		String login = "login";
		String password = "password" ;
		
		try {
			System.out.println("Starting autoLogin on " + loginUrl);
			WebClient client = autoLogin(loginUrl, login, password);
			HtmlPage page = client.getPage(baseUrl) ;
			
			HtmlAnchor logoutLink = page.getFirstByXPath(String.format("//a[@href='user?id=%s']", login)) ;
			if(logoutLink != null ){
				System.out.println("Successfuly logged in !");
				// printing the cookies
				for(Cookie cookie : client.getCookieManager().getCookies()){
					System.out.println(cookie.toString());
				}
			}else{
				System.err.println("Wrong credentials");
			}
			
		} catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
	}

You can find the code in this Github repo

Go further

There are many cases where this method will not work : Amazon, DropBox... and all other two-steps/captcha protected login forms.

Things that can be improved with this code :

• Handle the check for the logout link inside autoLogin

• Check for null inputs/form and throw an appropriate exception

In a next post I will show you how to deal with captchas or virtual numeric keyboards with OCR and captchas breaking APIs !

If you like web scraping and are tired taking care of proxies, JS rendering and captchas, you can check our new web scraping API, the first 1000 API calls are on us.